Hey everyone!
I created this blog because I thought it would be easier to post and read each others comments instead of getting a bunch of emails in your inbox. Please post your assigned ID terms on this site as well as any discussion, feedback or questions on other students' posts. Hopefully this helps us all for the midterm! Good luck studying.
-Gwen
36 comments:
So yall... i'm going out of town this weekend from thursday to monday and got a head start until very late last night...but i can't find these ones... anyone know where they are located??
-News hole/ editorial well- what page is this on in Big Media, Big Money???
-Social cement/ psychic adjustment-
-Integration and social interaction-
-Frustration-aggression hypothesis-
-"Experts"-
--And here are my 3...
36. Magic keys/ magic bullet-
a. Magic bullet- a message so powerful that you could not possibly ignore it or resist it
b. Magic keys- (not one magic bullet message but a shift to magic keys instead)
i. the idea that not all messages are created equal and if we pay more attention to the messages themselves then we can see what makes a message stand out and become powerful in the minds of audiences-- ex- headlines, language choice, credibility of source, organization of message, emotional appeals
c. Media effects- what would be the effect of this powerful of a message?, researchers tried to disprove the idea of the magic bullet with empiricism and found out that the primary influence of the media is to reinforce and not change existing attitudes and ideas which people were relieved to hear as many were afraid of the powerful effects of propaganda
37. Active audience- we chose whether to expose ourselves to media and are not passive about our media use
a. Media effects- this is an assumption of Uses and Grats, and tries to explain what people do with media and not what media do to people, it's important to note that you can't draw conclusions about the effects of the media from the Uses and Grats research
38. Goal-oriented media use- people have goals for choosing which media to consume
a. Media effects- this is an assumption of Uses and Grats, and tries to explain what people do with media and not what media do to people-- it's important to note that you can't draw conclusions about the effects of the media from the Uses and Grats research
Thanks and boo for midterms... Ashley
the frustration-aggression hypothesis is mine. it is on page 165 of ODIN>last paragraph of the page, and then continues onto the next page. lets see if i can sum it up. Basically its a social science doctrine, frustrations increase the instigation to aggression, etc. then on page 169> it says that the hypothesis was confirmed, inhibitions against aggression seem to be stronger in the angered/less justified aggression condition. Note this is a Berkowitz concept: therefore--it is a lab experiment. we can prove correlation here, but not cause and effect. he also believes that media violence does impact audience behavior/beliefs/actions (see Notes Sept 25).
Disinhibition - (Berkowitz hypothesized)the idea that watching violence on tv legitimizes the use of violence by the viewer in real life by undermining social sanctions against violence that normally would inhibit such behavior. for instance, your mom says don't hit your little brother. <--maybe not the best example. (Notes posted on bspace)
imitation - big concern with YOUNG viewers (children). the direct copying of specific behaviors. maybe linked to process of identifying with film characters and our desires to be like them. for example, Bandura's BOBO doll experiment. children watched the violent images being done to the doll and then "imitate" or copy it when given the opportunity. Note: violence is not displaced, the children immediately take out the anger on the dolls. (Notes posted on bspace)
HOPE THIS HELPS, PLZ LET ME KNOW IF ANYTHING IS INCORRECT HERE.
THNX-KRISTEN
just to follow up on some of your questions ashley:
you can find the concept newshole/editorial well on page 74 of BMBM.
social cement/psychic adjustment>i can't find either, i will get back to you on that one
integration and social interaction>media helps us to relate to others. an example would be topics of conversation and social empathy. (Notes Sept 23)
frustration-aggression hypothesis>see above definition
"experts"> term is mentioned on page 152 in odin, near the end of the first paragraph under the title "social uses"
social cement is in the article by adorno. odin 57. so, music is an example of a social cement. the idea is that "music listened to with a general inattention which is only interrupted by sudden flashes of recognition is not followed as a sequence of experiences that have a clear-cut meaning of their own, grasped in each instant and related to all the precedent and subsequent moments." there are 2 different types of adjustments here: 1>rhythmically obedient and 2>emotional.
Here is the article that the Prof. put up on bspace when we were working through the adorno article, it sums it up pretty decently:
http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/SWA/On_popular_music_3.shtml
Here is my part! Hopefully this helps :X
3. news hole/editorial well (Big Media, Big Money 74):
- "News hole" is when the spaces left over in the newspaper are filled with advertisements. "Editorial well" is the material in a magazine that does not make a profit.
Examples: In the Daily Cal, you can find pages of the newspaper where half of it is dedicated to news coverage and the other is plastered with ads. In Seventeen magazine (hehe), you can find a few articles that cover somewhat important issues but the rest of the magazine are advertisements and endorsements.
Relevance: Because advertisements fund newspapers and other media, advertisers are able to control what news will be covered that reflect their views and interests.
4. synergy/vertical integration: (Jenkins article, Big Media, Big Money 57)
- synergy refers to the wide range of economic opportunities for a product all across different types of media.
- vertical integration is when a company owns the entire means of production of a product (production, distribution, exhibition)
Example: The Warner Bros film "Harry Potter and the Sorceror's Stone" - Warner Bros did all the in-house production, distribution, and exhibition for the film; to increase revenue, they marketed the product by signing a deal with coco-cola, created toys and video games, etc.
Relevance: Because corporations have the resources to participate in synergy/vertical integration, this prevents smaller, independent companies from sharing their products, creating a lack of diversity.
Happy studying! :D
Technological Determinism:
Technologies are perceived as creating “The Modern World”. Every societal change is set in place by technology; technology determines notion of progress. Account and development of new technology leads us through evolution.
(Lecture 9/2/2008 and Raymond William’s “Technology and Cultural Forms”)
Symptomatic Technology:
People working on the margins of society get pulled into the technological change that is taking place. Symptomatic technology is technology that is a symptom or marker of change; a snowball effect in which technology absorbs everything around it. In other words, once a technology is introduced, there is nothing we can do about it. We can only observe and/or participate, but can do absolutely nothing to stop it.
Example: NRA slogan… “Guns don’t kill people; people kill people.” Killing is a part of human nature; guns are simply a new technology to use to kill. Instead of throwing rocks to kill others, rocks have simply been replaced by guns.
(Lecture 9/2/2008 and Raymond William’s “Technology and Cultural Forms”)
(Help please) Psychological Burglars:
* I am very sorry but I cannot find this term. Is there anyone that wrote down the definition during section, I didn’t quite catch it?
“Grazing” – concept found in Christine Rosen’s The Age of Egocasting, Odin Reader Pg. 67
• a new kind of television viewing behavior in which the remote control is key
• assumes a steady but brief approach to consumption in which the main motivation is to find something “better”; it is different than “browsing”
• the remote control which allows for “grazing”, offers viewers more creative possibilities
“Branding” – concept found in lecture notes (Sept. 16th) under Frankfurt School Updates
• “branding” is more than a logo or name, but is instead the sum of all paid materials; it is the collected experiences a consumer has had with a product and or company
• it includes all previous knowledge, interactions and associations a consumer has had with a product
• “brands” are not static
• “brands” have celebrity status – it needs to be known outside its circle of targeted consumers in order to be more appealing
“Public Sphere” – concept found in lecture notes (Sept. 16th) under Jurgen Habermas & “Second Level of Effects”
• mentioned in his essay “Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere” (1962)
• idea that society is dissolving due to a lowering of taste and culture and what is necessary is a “public sphere” in which individuals gather as a collective, exchange dialogue (talking & listening) and address the needs of society
• the source of public onion should be the result of assembly and debate (via dialogue)
• the press is the agent of manipulation as they work for profit; money compromises authenticity/truth
• “manipulative publicity” – little room left for dialogue in a society of symbols
Content-related effects: effects that connect logically to the messages embedded either in music lyrics or music video imagery, focusing on the attitudinal and behavioral impact of the more extreme and negative messages in today’s popular music. It is found that exposure to popular music and music videos can produce content-related effects (i.e. exposure to rap videos influenced attitudes toward both violence and academic aspirations).
Equipment for living: Christensen sets out to discover whether popular music is simply a voluntary pastime for young adults or whether it serves as the “equipment for living” i.e. plays a central role in the socialization of young people and therefore has the power to have a significant influence on their values and behavior. He concludes that most adolescents listen to music as a source of pleasure and for its affective uses (how it makes them feel). But because music affects their moods, social interactions, and provides models of how they should think/act it serves as the essential “equipment for living.”
Pop culture as invisible and invincible: the idea that pop culture is now everywhere—through television, DVDs, stereos, laptops, etc.—and nowhere at the same time. It’s the notion that you construct your life around being able to engage with pop culture—arranging your living space around your TV, TV sets in every room, wireless connections in laptops, etc. This idea is relevant because it gives people access to a world they otherwise wouldn’t have known, places far more exciting than their “real” lives, and therefore instills in people the desire to replicate the scenarios in everyday life
Hope this is right and that it helps! Good luck everybody!
Cindy Lu
two-step flow model or supplementation: part of the Transmission Model: [Katz and Lazarsfeld]
The 3rd refinement in examination of audience: lect 9/18/08
o Social Relationships: Re-examination of relationships, there’s a 2 step flow model of communication:
When we think of mass media coming directly to us, we have to remember that once again there’s a buffer, there’s this protection, such that people hear and talk about news on a personal level. If you have talked to someone about a subject, that conversation will affect your opinion. 2 step flow:
• Info from the media to opinion leaders
• opinion leaders to opinion followers (less active segments of the population) Instead of getting the straight forward message from the media, people get mixed messages. These are ways of researchers seeking to claim that the magic bullet will nev..mer get to us.
Narcotizing dysfunction [Limited Effects: Lazarsfeld and Merton start reading on pg. 101]
Term refers to the social consequences of mass media.
Only one that is “dysfunction”
Studies show that increasing numbers of people within our society devote more and more of their time to mass media.
o Suppose to be a good thing: more people are getting informed.
Hypothesize that:
o Constant flood of information and news has a narcotizing effect on the audience.
Society spend increasing amount of time with mass media = spend less time being active in society [act against the issues identified in the media]
• Why?
o Because audience are knowledgeable and are talking about the issues so that they believe that they are helping or aiding in the solution.
“experts” I’m not too sure about this term, I found the usage of it in lect: 9/30/08 and 10/7/08. Correct me if I’m wrong.
9/30/08
o Agenda Setting - Lipman
Story of the island that doesn’t get any media for awhile.
he’s saying that the real environment is all together too big and too complex/fleeting for direct acquaintance. We have to choose a sector (unless there is an independent organization making unseen facts intelligible on which we will base our decisions).
There is a distinction between the personal and the political at the same time. Lipman arguments that the political is supposedly held as more valuable/privileged.
Newspapers: are doing a terrible job of informing the public. Newspapers merely intensify the defective organization of public opinion. Public opinions should be composed for the press, not by the press.** That is the chief failing of journalism and the, in that they’ve overstepped their own realm of expertise and now they’re shaping public opinion rather than just serving as translators giving us the facts. He’s saying EXPERTS should be shaping information.
You can start to hear in agenda setting the conclusions is not that media enforces what we think, but more that media is showing us what to think and not necessarily reinforcing one over the other as “right.”
10/7/08
o Spiral of Silence
Why Consonance Happens:
• Dependence on common sources – the same people get interviewed over and over again about particular topics. You go to the same experts who have a track record who are thought of as good talking heads. You’re always looking for someone who can deliver a colorful soundbite (so you’re looking for the same spokespeople who will attract listeners)
Thanks again for setting this blog up!
*public, private and controlled space (Danah Boyd article)
a)Definition:
-For adults, private space is considered a place where they can relax, such as home.
-The public sphere is outside with the rest of the world, surrounded by strangers and people of all statuses.
- Controlled space is at work where a boss dictates the norms and acceptable behavior.
-For teenagers, space is split up differently. For them, most spaces are controlled spaces because adults with authority control home, school and activity spaces. -Because teens don’t feel in control at home, they don’t really have a space to call private. Teens use the internet to recreate private and public spaces while physically in controlled spaces
B)Relevance to course:
-The internet allows for a greater group of peers.
-Teens want to use that virtual space as a youth space where they can interact and relate with their peers.
-Restriction of youth space leads to loss of trust between parents and child.
-cultural shift due to new medium and the greater restrictions on youth mobility
C) Ex: Facebook, Myspace
*Narrowcasting/ego-casting (Christine Rosen Article)
a) Definition:
-Narrowcasting: New type of broadcasting that came about in 1980s that caters to specific interests (MTV, ESPN)
-Ego-casting: unparalleled control over what we see/hear (TiVo, iPod), notion of monologue
b)Relevance to course:
-Relates to Habermas’s “public sphere” and Adorno/Frankfurt School
-You are able to tailor what you see/hear
-Dangerous because you end up stuck in your own bubble → threat to democratic society, no longer a sense of community
-Fear that technology of personalization allows us to carry private world into public spaces so we don’t have to interact with the public → “absent presence”
-Turns us into consumers who are “incapable of anything except habit and prejudice.”
-If something displeases you, you can just push a button and you will never have to see it again (ex. TiVo) → simple minded audience
c) Ex: Always wearing your iPod in public spaces blocks out the public and isolates you in your own private bubble and you end up paying little attention to the world around you.
Good luck everyone!
-Catherine
17.The New Conformity: Is popular culture and the message it sends. Today popular culture, “tells us [through music, tv, movie, etc] that, despite ordinariness, you too can be special, super, noticed, discovered, sucessful. You too can alter the narrative of your life, make a dramtic U-turn, become a better person, become more you. The message of pop culture is always that of the trimph of the ordinary person who, in the process of following their heart, bucks the system and becomes the exception, a larger than life but still competely regular it-could-happen-to-you hero” (Niedzviecki 69). In other words, popular culture not on offers but implicitly suggests the idea of, “If she (J Lo being Jennie from the block) can do it (become rich and famous), so can I!” (Niedzviecki 77).
-Relevance of the term to studying media effects: If the idea of a new conformity holds true, media (used to perpetuate the message of pop culture) greatly effects our everyday life—hindering how we think about and in turn pursue success and or happiness.
18.Culture that “opposes life” or “destorys life”: Simmel argues popular culture opposes, and in turn destroys life, with its own “valid claims,” which turn out to be empty. Popular culture entices us to pursue empty promises of success and in turn happiness. Consequently as we struggle to pursue fantacy we move further and further away from ourselves (Niedzviecki 91), crippling our ability to make an honest assessment about our own expectations (Niedzviecki 85). Niedzvicki gives the example of John Conte pursuing fame through breaking a piano playing record. He writes, “Conte, infected by a pop culture churned out on an assembly line, ends up pursing a world record he doenst want in order to make a documentary nobody really cares about” (Niedzviecki 89).
-Relevence of the term to studying media effects: If the statement holds true it shows that media, through creating and perpetuating the message of popular culture, greatly effects life in an extremely harmful way.
Thanks Gwen and everyone sofar.
I got the email but no assigned terms. I am currently dividing the list between the six approaches. I will post early a.m.
Generation@: Means “…being online, being a buzzer.” Hempel and Lehman use the term to refer to youth who have grown up “wired and technologically fluent.” Also known as the “myspace generation”- America’s middle and upper class youth who utilize online social networks to blur the distinction between online and off-line worlds.
Convergence culture: “ Where old and new media collide, where grassroots and corporate media intersect, where the power of the media producer and the power of the media consumer interact in unpredictable ways.” (Jenkins, Pg 2) In other words, a change in the way media is produced and consumed.
Media convergence: The cooperation between multiple media industries and the convergence of media ownership. (Jenkins)
Relevant social contacts -
Nature of the mass media system -
I am so sorry but I have no idea what these phrases are pertaining to. I'll comment again if I find a definitive answer.
Ostensible audience - related to the Third Person Effect. Davison used this phrase when talking about the group of people a message is outwardly affecting. Rather, it is not the group that the third effect theory wants to study but rather the audience that may effect the subjects (ie. the children in Professor Retzinger's example)
Some of these are ehhhh...
I couldn't find a definition for value-free research, and I couldn't find a definite definition of selected exposure/attention, so I combined it with my lecture notes.
Empiricism - the systematic and objective investigation using experimentation or observation to test a hypothesis
ex. The use of surveys and field experiments to solve the question of whether propaganda has an impact on society
Empirical research was used to assess the effectiveness of mass communications; media proved far less effective than had been supposed
Selected exposure - the amount of time given to media messages
Ex. The length of time given to listening to popular music
Exposure is the first step necessary to respond to a media message (?)
Selected attention - the fluctuating attention level on a media message
Ex. the amount of effort put into listening to the lyrics
Attention gives us tangible information to base our response to a media message on (?)
If anyone could help me out on value-free research, or solidifying these terms, it would be greatly appreciated
1. monopoly / oligopoly
monopoly: a company or group having exclusive control over a commodity or service; one owns
i.e. one newpaper monopolies
oligopoly: limited competition, market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers; a few owns
2. 1996 Telecommunications Act:
first major communications act for a change… amended the 1934 Communications Act
-this act “lifted a number of restrictions on media ownership and control, accelerated further concentration,” (Big Media, Big Money p.16).
‡ CBS went from owning 7 AM and 7 FM radio stations to 160-plus radio stations
sorry this is late and not very thorough... i'll add more later!
Some authors, mostly Lazarsfeld, seem to cross many categories, as I understand them. Some terms were in response to other approaches. Discussion is needed.
Uses And Gratifications:
self aware media use, goal oriented media use, active audience, cognitive dissonance, supplementation, generation @, selective exposure/attention, empiricism/value free research, magic keys/magic bullet, message delivery, media effects, social prestige, status conferral/status legitimization, narrow casting/ego casting, grazing, equipment for living, social cement/psychic adjustment, Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Christensen,
Priming Effect:
Laboratory/survey, justified/unjustified violence, disinhibition, imitation, frustration-agression hypothesis, primacy of affect/mood control, content related effects, Berkowitz,
Agenda Setting:
content analysis, spiral of silence, agenda building, status conferral, high threshold, low threshold, salience, aura of consumerism, narcotizing dysfunction, pseudo individualization, canalization, news hole/editorial well, branding, McCombs & Shaw
Knowledge Gap:
relevant social contacts, stored information, communication skills, technological determinism/symptomatic, preventive innovation/incremental, integration & social interaction, transmission model, two step flow model or supplementation, selective exposure, nature of mass media, selective recall, message delivery, interpersonal message diffusion, monopoly/oligopoly, 1996 telecommunications act, equipment for living, convergence culture/media convergence, pop culture as invisible/invincible, public sphere, generation @,
Third person Effect:
ostensible audience, pluralistic ignorance, social distance/social identification, experts, spiral of silence,
Hey all- here's pseudo-individualization, transmission model & social distance/ social identification...
23. pseudo-individualization: (Adorno -_-) ODIN>50. music standardization; listeners tune out the music, since it is pre-digested. We think we choose the music we listen to, when in reality, the music industry has a set group of music they give us, from which we choose the music we like. (refer to Mi's drawing in section- music is like a multiple choice test- we don't like a-b, but like "c" and think we're original for not liking "a-b", but really c is still part of the music the industry has chosen and pre-digested for us.)
24. transmission model- s-(message)->r... the sender sends a message (in transmission) to a receiver. this is a one-way form of communication, of transmitting messages across time and space. later revised by Lazarsfeld, who added s->r/s->r... so that it becomes a continuous flow of information.
60. social distance OR social identification (third person effect, lecture) "people like you and I are okay, but others can easily be influenced by media"- level of education, socioeconomic status and social identification.
Personal identity-one of the contemporary reasons that people choose to consume media. In the uses and gratifications lecture.
* discover, reinforce personal values
* seek models of behavior
* identification with (specific) others
Integration and Social Interaction- another contemporary reason that people choose to consume media. In the uses and gratifications lecture.
* social empathy
* identify with others
* conversation topics
* substitutes for real-life friends
* connect with family and friends
Self-aware media use-not sure exactly.. trying to find it.
All three terms pertain to Tichenor (and others)'s concept of the Knowledge Gap, which argues that people higher up on the socioeconomic ladder are most knowledgable and more aware whereas people lower down are less. These terms (except for cognitive dissonance) are part of Tichenor's list of reasons for the differentiation in knowledge:
-Selective interpretation: we interpret what we consume in the media according to our own values and beliefs, or in the way our culture has socialized us into thinking, i.e. if you were to see two men kiss in a movie, you could interpret it as totally okay or completely immoral, depending on your beliefs/peers/etc
-Selective recall: we choose (mainly subconciously) to remember what applies to us most, or what we feel is most important, i.e., when watching debates we are more likely to remember what our candidate choice said, rather than his/her opponent.
-cognitive dissonance: The discomfort one feels when being aware of two contradicting opinions, and often leads to some people who feel dissonance to seek information that will reduce dissonance and avoid information that will increase dissonance. People who are involuntarily exposed to information that increases dissonance are likely to discount that information, either by ignoring it, misinterpreting it, or denying it
Hey guys, I'm just wondering what article "content related effects" was in.
Thanks,
Catherine
In response to chitterchatter's post on the terms "relevant social contacts" and "nature of the mass media system" - both of these terms can be found in the lecture notes from October 2nd on "knowledge gap". It is also in the Tichenor, Donohue and Olien reading in the Odin Reader on page 162. I believe we also just went over it last discussion section. Hope this helps.
Renee
Oops, I meant Odin Reader page 178, not 162. Scratch that.
The primacy of affect/ mood control- The principle that adolescents use popular music to control mood and enhance emotional states.
Ex) Consider Christenson’s reference to the study done in Sweden by Keith Roe. Three underlying dimensions explained adolescent use of music. A) atmosphere creation and mood control (to relax and stop thinking about things, get in the right mood, set a social stmosphere, and dancing. B) silence filling, passing time. C) attention to lyrics.
Relevance: This offers another counter argument to the Frankfurt School.
Self Production: when artists have access to the technology of production and can thus circumvent the complex collaborative process involving sound engineers, sound mixers, and producers.
Ex. An artist recording a song at home and putting it up on Myspace. With self production, artists can avoid being edited. It gives less power to record companies, but could lead to more compliant artists becoming successful. See “Breaking the Decision Chain”
Preventative innovation / incremental innovation
- Preventative:
o Adopt now to avoid loss of desired value in the future
- Incremental innovation:
o Adopt now to gain a possible increase in a desired value in the future
- Conclusion: preventative innovation usually follow a slower rate of adoption
Communication skills
- Persons with more formal education would be expected to have the higher reading and comprehension abilities necessary to acquire public affairs or science knowledge
- (Factor 1 affecting the knowledge gap)
Stored information
- Existing knowledge from prior exposure to a topic through mass media or formal education lead people to be more likely to be aware of a topic when it appears in the mass media and are better prepared to understand it since they are more informed
- (Factor 2 affecting the knowledge gap)
AIM: thunderously
catherine-
content related effects was in the Christenson article on Oden 159
Thank you!
-Catherine
my apologies, I already posted this friday night but, I was ina rush so I must have closed the box before it submitted. Sorry, just noticed now that my contributions were missing on the list!
1. Status Conferral/Status Legitimization; (Lazerfield, Odin p.101)
A. Status Conferral:
Def: social standing of persons or social policies is raised when these
command favorable attention in the mass media
Example: (the one given in the reader) This is only ONE element of the
status conferral. In a NY Time newspaper, it may support a specific
political candidate or policy and shows a sign of importance. This is due
to the fact that the audience views The Times as a group of experts who
have a lot of knowledge and background. The initial view of their status
gives us the impression that we should consider what they say to be
important or credible.
B. Status Legitimization; (p. 101-102)
Def- mass media bestow prestige and enhance the authority of individuals
and groups using their status. The media single out people that they
believe to have importance among the masses.
Example: We see this in entertainment (celebrities) all the time. We also
see this in advertising when an important person promotes a product.
Therefore, the person's prestige sells the product as well as the product
sells the person's prestige.
Relevance: The status conferral function is part of Media's social role in
recognizing and legitimizing what, who, and why they cover what they cover
in the press. "If you really matter, you will be at the focus of mass
attention and, if you are at the focus of mass attention, then surely you
must really matter" (Odin reader, 128).
2. Social Prestige; (Berelson article; Odin pg.141)
Def.: One way readers use the newspaper because it "enables them to appear
informed in social gatherings", which in this way readers uses the
newspaper as a conversational value to increase his own prestige
(reputation; i.e. giving an impression on his status) among his peers.
Example: You read the newspaper to keep up to date in world events so that
you have something to discuss with others and/or you know what other
people are talking about so you do not look misinformed or totally out of
the loop.
Relevance: Most people hold the ability to be able to interpret and
process the information on a newspaper as way to show their social status
(prestige) and creates this impression that you need to have conformity
among a set of issues covered in the media.
3. Pluralistic Ignorance; (ODIN p.196)
Def.: misperception of others' attitudes; assuming that they are virtually alone in holding particular attitudes and expectations not knowing that many others privately share them. Egotistical.
Example: Simply- you assume you know what is going on in other people's heads and that you hold your own views and opinions opposed to others who share a common view due to media bias.
Relevance: It creates a strong presumption that the attitudes of people on any controversial issue that is in the focus of public attention will be widely misperceived.
LOW THRESHOLD: Something that we have a direct hold/experience of. For example, gas prices.
CONTENT ANALYSIS: Numerical description of what the press is actually talking about
AGENDA BUILDING: Refinement of Agenda Setting (which was too static of a term)...3 steps of Agenda Buidling..
1. media highlight some events, organizations, activities, groups, personalites to make them stand out (other events simply not covered).
2. Media must fram subject of the news story. For example, "This is what you need to pay attention too..this is what matters"
3. Media then look to spokespeople to add color and articulate demands.
* This process of agenda building is a process that is not static. The fact that we are AWARE of it doesn't make it an issue, to be an issue a topic must responate by these 3 aforementioned lengths: highlighting, framing, coloring.
Salience
• The media might start covering more about one particular subject if the audience is interested, salience is the ease with which news stories or topics come to the mind, the prominence of an issue in the minds of the public based by the amount of coverage it is given according to the agenda setting model the more a story is covered the more salient it should be in the minds of the public because the media is telling people what to think about
• Presenting media in order to make relevance out of it
• McCombs and Shaw: the mass media set the agenda for each political campaign, influencing the salience of attitudes on a particular issue
Message Delivery (Information Diffusion)
• The first concept coming out of the information diffusion approach
• Refers to “What is the best way to deliver a message”
o Issue came up when people were interested in studying how effective tactics to reach the public would be, in the case of normal lines of communication were ever cut
o Distrubition of leaflets
Interpersonal Message Diffusion
• Second concept that those coming out of the information diffusion approach
• Not only how the message was passed through the medium from the receiver, they also wanted to know how this message would spread throughout the community of relationships
• Face to face social network that must be used to follow the impact
o Project Revere, researchers wanted to know how many people in a small town near Seattle could learn a slogan based on the original number that people were told
Did anyone find psychological burglars or aura of consumerism? Thanks!
Here's both of them...
20. Psychological burglars- the advertising that is over the radio can go anywhere and right into the living room of everyone's homes and can invade the psychic space that was before unreachable
a. Media effects- after the invention of radio, people could no longer get away from advertising in their homes, it was a new outlet at the time which has led to our entire living spaces centered around media-- couches pointed toward the tv instead of towards each other
21. Aura of consumerism- in the economics of television, the shows create this aura of consumerism (affluent and upbeat sets, cheerful interactions with characters) put people in a buying mood, create a material comfort in the show and then want to buy things from the show--
a. Importance- just watching television is going to make you want to buy things, should be simply entertainment and not ad advertisement, more control over content of what we are watching, products are shown in a positive light and shows are forced to show this--- actual lives do not work this way, a false reality
Does anyone know why the public sphere can't exist? I know because of advertising, but i don't understand...??
Thanks. From Wikipedia, this should give you an idea.
"Habermas further showed how the public sphere was cultivated through media (newspapers and letters) and how the public was able to influence politics and society. The emergence of bourgeois public sphere was particularly supported by the 18th century liberal democracy making resources available to this new political class to establish a network of institutions like publishing enterprises, newspapers and discussion forums, and the democratic press was a main tool to execute this. The key feature of this public sphere was its separation from the power of both the church and the government due to its access to a variety of resources, both economic and social.
The second half of his work showed what he saw as the decline of the public sphere due to consumer culture and the influence of the mass media,[20] or the "change of the public from a 'reasoning' to a 'consuming' one".[21] This collapse was due to the consumeristic drive that infiltrated society, so they became more concerned about consumption than political actions, and the capitalistic drive of the mass media. Suddenly the media became a tool of political forces, and a medium for advertisement rather than the medium from which the public got their information on political matters.
As Habermas argues, in due course, this sphere of rational and universalistic politics, free from both the economy and the State, was destroyed by the same forces that initially established it. The growth of capitalistic economy led to an uneven distribution of wealth, thus widening the economic polarity. This resulted in limiting access to the public sphere and the political control of the public sphere was inevitable for the modern capitalistic forces to operate and thrive in the competitive economy.
There with emerged a new sort of influence, i.e., media power, which, used for purposes of manipulation, once and for all took care of the innocence of the principle of publicity. The public sphere, simultaneously prestructured and dominated by the mass media, developed into an arena infiltrated by power in which, by means of topic selection and topical contributions, a battle is fought not only over influence but over the control of communication flows that affect behavior while their strategic intentions are kept hidden as much as possible."
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